ADHD, or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, is a common neurodevelopmental condition that impacts both children and adults. It affects the ability to focus, control impulses, and regulate hyperactivity. While the symptoms of ADHD can vary from person to person, the core features are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These traits can significantly disrupt an individual’s ability to perform well in school, work, and personal relationships. ADHD is often first identified in childhood, but many people are not diagnosed until adulthood, as the symptoms can sometimes be mistaken for other conditions or simply dismissed as personality traits.
Inattention is one of the hallmark symptoms of ADHD. It may manifest as forgetfulness, difficulty organizing tasks, or becoming easily distracted by external stimuli. Individuals with ADHD often struggle to maintain focus on long or repetitive tasks, and they may jump from one activity to another without completing them. This can result in a pattern of unfinished projects and a lack of follow-through on responsibilities. Children with ADHD, for instance, might have difficulty listening when spoken to directly, or they may have trouble staying seated during class, constantly fidgeting or engaging in off-task behaviors.
Hyperactivity, another major symptom of ADHD, involves excessive movement or an inability to remain still. Children with ADHD are often described as “always on the go,” displaying constant restlessness. In adults, this may be less obvious, but hyperactivity can present as a feeling of inner restlessness, where the individual has difficulty relaxing or sitting quietly. This can be particularly challenging in environments that require calm and patience, such as work or school settings.
Impulsivity is another key characteristic of ADHD. This can show up in various ways, such as making snap decisions without considering the potential consequences, interrupting others during conversations, or acting without thinking things through. Impulsive behavior can lead to difficulties in social interactions, where individuals might say or do things without realizing how they impact others. In academic or work settings, this impulsivity may result in risky decisions or mistakes that could have been avoided with more careful consideration.
While the exact cause of ADHD is still not entirely understood, research suggests a combination of genetic and environmental factors. A family history of ADHD can increase the likelihood of a person developing the condition. Additionally, factors such as prenatal exposure to tobacco, alcohol, or drugs, or premature birth, may contribute to the development of ADHD. Brain structure and function also play a role, as some studies have shown differences in the brain areas involved in attention and impulse control.
Diagnosing ADHD requires a comprehensive evaluation, which includes gathering information from multiple sources, such as parents, teachers, and caregivers. There is no single test to diagnose ADHD, so professionals rely on behavioral assessments and interviews to assess how symptoms present in various settings. Once diagnosed, ADHD can be managed through a combination of approaches. Medications are commonly used to help improve concentration and control hyperactivity. Stimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamines, are the most frequently prescribed medications, as they are effective in enhancing focus. Non-stimulant medications are also available for individuals who do not respond well to stimulants.